New study reveals how education shapes public perceptions of radiation and small modular reactors
January 09, 2026
A newly published study in Energy Strategy Reviews examines the factors influencing public perceptions of low-dose radiation (LDR) and small modular reactors (SMRs), and demonstrates that expert-led education can substantially enhance understanding and acceptance of nuclear technologies.
The study, titled “Public perceptions of low-dose radiation and small modular reactors: A survey-based social science analysis,” was conducted collaboratively by researchers at Ontario Tech University, the University of Regina, and Université Laval. From Ontario Tech University, the research was led by Dr. Lekhnath Ghimire and Dr. Edward Waller. The study addresses a central challenge in nuclear energy deployment: public understanding and trust.
With nuclear technologies receiving increased attention for their potential contributions to clean energy transitions and net-zero climate targets by 2050, public acceptance remains a decisive factor in their adoption. This research examines how demographics, educational levels, information sources, and expert communication shape attitudes toward radiation and emerging nuclear technologies, such as SMRs.
Bridging the Knowledge Gap
Employing a social science experimental framework, the research team collected data through surveys and expert-led educational presentations. Participants from diverse backgrounds evaluated their baseline knowledge and reported their perceptions of low-dose radiation and SMRs before and after receiving evidence-based information.
Although nearly half of the participants held a bachelor’s degree and almost one-third held a graduate degree, many reported only a moderate or poor understanding of radiation. This finding underscores a central insight: general education does not necessarily lead to nuclear or radiation literacy, underscoring the need for targeted public education.
The Power of Expert Communication
A notable finding of the study was the significant impact of expert-led presentations. Before the educational session, public perceptions of low-dose radiation were predominantly neutral or uncertain. After the presentation, nearly two-thirds of participants considered low-dose radiation to be safe or very safe. Levels of concern decreased substantially, demonstrating the effectiveness of clear, transparent, and evidence-based communication in reducing fear and misinformation.
Participants expressed strong support for expanded public education, with over 80 per cent rating education on low-dose radiation as important or very important.
Mixed but Open Views on SMRs
Perceptions of small modular reactors were more nuanced. Many participants viewed SMRs positively or with cautious optimism, while a significant portion remained neutral, especially regarding sitting SMRs near residential areas. Emotional responses reflected this balance; neutrality was most common, excitement exceeded fear, and strong anxiety was infrequent.
“These findings suggest that the public is not opposed to SMRs, but rather cautious and seeking credible information,” the researchers note. “This creates a valuable opportunity for meaningful engagement and dialogue.”
Implications for Policy and Public Engagement
The study emphasizes that public perceptions are dynamic and can evolve through well-designed engagement strategies that address both knowledge gaps and emotional responses. The researchers recommend expert-led education programs, transparent community engagement, enhanced media literacy, and the use of digital platforms to engage younger audiences.
By integrating social science insights with technical expertise, the research provides policymakers, educators, and industry leaders with guidance on positioning SMRs as components of a sustainable, climate-resilient energy future.
A Collaborative Effort
This work represents a robust interdisciplinary and inter-university collaboration among Ontario Tech University, the University of Regina, and Université Laval, integrating expertise in nuclear engineering, health physics, social science, and risk communication.
The study adds to a growing body of evidence indicating that trust, transparency, and education are central to public acceptance of nuclear technologies. Informed communities are more likely to engage constructively with future energy solutions.
The article available in open access at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211467X25003773?via%3Dihub
Contact information:
lekhnath.ghimire@ontariotechu.net
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